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{{Chembox new| Name = Nitric acid| ImageFile = Nitric-acid.png| ImageName = Nitric acid| IUPACName = Nitric acid| OtherNames =
Aqua fortis; Spirit of nitre;
Salpetre acid| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers| SMILES = O(=O)| CASNo = 7697-37-2| RTECS = QU5775000-->
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties| Formula =
Hydrogennitrate| MolarMass = 63.012 g/mol| Appearance = Clear, colorless liquid| Density = 1.51 g/cm³, colorless liquid| Solubility = miscible| MeltingPt = -42 °C (231 K)| BoilingPt = 83 °C (356 K)| Acidity (p
Ka) = -1.4| Viscosity = ? Poise at ? °C| Dipole = ?
Debye-->
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards| FlashPt = not applicable| EUClass = Oxidant (
O)Corrosive (
C)| RPhrases = , | SPhrases = , , , , -->| Section8 = {{Chembox Related| OtherCpds =
Nitrous acidDinitrogen pentoxide-->
-->
The chemical compound
nitric acid (
HydrogenNitrogenOxygen3), also known as
aqua fortis and
spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (
anhydrous nitric acid). It is a highly corrosion and
toxic acid that can cause severe burns. Colorless when pure, older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to the accumulation of nitrogen oxide. If the solution contains more than 86% nitric acid, it is referred to as
fuming nitric acid. Fuming nitric acid is characterized as white fuming nitric acid and red fuming nitric acid, depending on the amount of dinitrogen tetroxide present.
History
The synthesis of Nitric Acid was first recorded circa 800
Common Era by the Muslim
alchemy Jabir ibn Hayyan.
Pure anhydrous nitric acid (100%) is a colorless liquid with a density of 1522 kg/m³ which solidifies at -42°C to form white crystals and boils at 83°C. When boiling in light, even at room temperature, there is a partial decomposition with the formation of nitrogen dioxide following the reaction:
4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 (72°C)
which means that anhydrous nitric acid should be stored below 0°C to avoid decomposition. The
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) remains dissolved in the nitric acid coloring it yellow, or red at higher temperatures. While the pure acid tends to give off white fumes when exposed to air, acid with dissolved nitrogen dioxide gives off reddish-brown vapours, leading to the common name "red fuming acid" or "fuming nitric acid".
Nitric acid is
miscible with water in all proportions and distillation gives an azeotrope with a concentration of 68% HNO3 and a boiling temperature of 120.5°C at 1 atm. Two solid hydrates are known; the monohydrate (HNO3·H2O) and the trihydrate (HNO3·3H2O).
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are soluble in nitric acid and this property influences more or less, all the physical characteristics depending on the concentration of the oxides. These mainly include the vapor pressure above the liquid and the boiling temperature, as well as the color mentioned above.
Nitric acid is subject to thermal or light decomposition with increasing
concentration and this may give rise to some non-negligible variations in the vapour pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid.
Chemical properties
Nitric acid is a strong acid which ionises almost completely in water, a powerful oxidizing agent which also nitration many
organic compounds and a Monoprotic Acid acid because there is only one dissociation.
Acidic properties
Being a typical acid, nitric acid reacts with alkalis,
basic oxides and
carbonates to form salts, including ammonium nitrate. Due to its oxidizing nature, nitric acid does not (with some exceptions) liberate
hydrogen on reaction with
metals and the resulting salts are usually in the higher oxidized state. For this reason, heavy corrosion can be expected and should be guarded against by the appropriate use of corrosion resistant metals or alloys.
Nitric acid has an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of −1.4: in water solution, it almost completely (93% at 0.1 M)
ionizes into the nitrate
ion NO3− and a hydrated
proton, known as a hydronium ion, H3O+.
HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-
Oxidizing properties
Reactions with metals
Being a powerful oxidizing agent, nitric acid reacts violently with many organic materials and the reactions may be explosive. Depending on the acid concentration, temperature and the reducing agent involved, the end products can be variable. Reaction then takes place with all metals except the
precious metal series and certain alloys. As a general rule of course, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favouring the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
The acidic properties tend to dominate with dilute acid, coupled with the preferential formation of nitrogen oxide (NO).
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Since nitric acid is an oxidizing agent,
hydrogen (H2) is rarely formed. Only
magnesium (Mg) and
calcium (Ca) react with
cold,
dilute nitric acid to give hydrogen:
Mg(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Passivation
Although
chromium (Cr),
iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) readily dissolve in dilute nitric acid, the concentrated acid forms a metal oxide layer that protects the metal from further oxidation, which is called
passivation.
Reactions with non-metals
Reaction with non-metallic elements, with the exception of silicon and
halogens, usually oxidizes them to their highest
Oxidation numbers as acids with the formation of
nitrogen dioxide for concentrated acid and
nitrogen oxide for dilute acid.
C + 4HNO3 → CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
or
3C + 4HNO3 → 3CO2 + 4NO + 2H2O
Synthesis and production
Nitric acid is made by mixing
nitrogen dioxide (
NitrogenOxygen2) with water in the presence of oxygen or air to oxidize the
nitrous acid also produced by the reaction. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is an azeotrope mixture with 32% water. Further concentration involves distillation with sulfuric acid which acts as a dehydrating agent. On a laboratory scale, such distillation must be done in all glass apparatus at reduced pressure, to prevent decomposition of the acid. Rubber and cork fittings should also be avoided as nitric acid attacks these materials. Commercial grade nitric acid solutions are usually between 52% and 68% nitric acid. Commercial production of nitric acid is via the
Ostwald process after Wilhelm Ostwald.
In laboratory, nitric acid can be made from
Copper(II) nitrate or by reacting approximately equal masses of
potassium nitrate (KNO3) with 96% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and distilling this mixture at nitric acid's boiling point of 83 °C until only a white crystalline mass,
potassium hydrogen sulfate (KHSO4), remains in the reaction vessel. The obtained red fuming nitric acid may be converted to the white nitric acid. Note that in a laboratory setting, it is necessary to use all-glass equipment, ideally a one-piece retort, because anhydrous nitric acid attacks cork, rubber, and skin, and leaks can be extremely dangerous.
H2SO4 + KNO3 → KHSO4 + HNO3
The dissolved NOx are readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10-30 min at 200
torr or 27
kilopascal). Obtained white fuming nitric acid has density 1.51 g/cm³. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas.
The acid can also be synthesized by oxidizing
ammonia, but the product is
concentration by the water also formed as part of the reaction. However, this synthesization method is important in producing
ammonium nitrate from ammonia derived from the
Haber process, because the final product can be produced from nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen as the sole feedstocks.
White fuming nitric acid, also called 100% nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to the anhydrous nitric acid product. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved NO2. Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. One formulation of RFNA specifies a minimum of 17% NO2, another specifies 13% NO2. In either event, an
inhibited fuming nitric acid (either IWFNA, or IRFNA) can be made by the addition of 0.6 to 0.7%
hydrofluoric acid, HF. This fluoride is added for corrosion resistance in metal tanks (the fluoride creates a metal fluoride layer that protects the metal).
Uses
Commonly used as a laboratory
reagent, nitric acid is used in the manufacture of
explosives including nitroglycerin,
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), as well as fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate.
Also, in ICP-MS and
ICP-AES techniques, nitric acid (with a concentration from 0.5% to 2.0%) is used as a matrix compound for determining metal traces in solutions. Ultrapure acid is required for such determination, because small amounts of metal ions could affect the result of the analysis.
It has additional uses in
metallurgy and refining as it reacts with most
metals, and in
chemical synthesis. When combined with hydrochloric acid, it forms aqua regia, one of the few reagents capable of dissolving
gold and platinum.
Nitric acid is a component of
acid rain.
Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, and the reactions of nitric acid with compounds such as
cyanides, carbides, and metallic powders can be
explosive. Reactions of nitric acid with many organic compounds, such as
turpentine, are violent and
hypergolic (i.e., self-igniting).
Concentrated nitric acid dyes human
skin yellow due to a reaction with the protein
keratin. These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized.
One use for IWFNA is as an oxidation in rocket fuels.
One use for nitric acid is in a colorometric test to distinguish heroin and morphine.
Nitric acid is also used in school laboratory to perform experiments involving the testing of
chloride. The sample is added with
silver nitrate solution and nitric acid to see if a white precipitate,
silver chloride remains.
A solution of nitric acid and alcohol, Nital, is used for etching of metals to reveal the microstructure.
References
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0183
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
-
- National Pollutant Inventory - Nitric Acid Fact Sheet
- Properties and classification of nitric acid
{{Chembox new| Name = Nitric acid| ImageFile = Nitric-acid.png| ImageName = Nitric acid| IUPACName = Nitric acid| OtherNames =
Aqua fortis; Spirit of nitre;
Salpetre acid| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers| SMILES = O(=O)| CASNo = 7697-37-2| RTECS = QU5775000-->
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties| Formula =
Hydrogennitrate| MolarMass = 63.012 g/mol| Appearance = Clear, colorless liquid| Density = 1.51 g/cm³, colorless liquid| Solubility = miscible| MeltingPt = -42 °C (231 K)| BoilingPt = 83 °C (356 K)| Acidity (p
Ka) = -1.4| Viscosity = ? Poise at ? °C| Dipole = ?
Debye-->
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards| FlashPt = not applicable| EUClass = Oxidant (
O)Corrosive (
C)| RPhrases = , | SPhrases = , , , , -->| Section8 = {{Chembox Related| OtherCpds = Nitrous acid
Dinitrogen pentoxide-->
-->
The chemical compound
nitric acid (Hydrogen
NitrogenOxygen3), also known as
aqua fortis and
spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). It is a highly
corrosion and
toxic acid that can cause severe burns. Colorless when pure, older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to the accumulation of
nitrogen oxide. If the solution contains more than 86% nitric acid, it is referred to as
fuming nitric acid. Fuming nitric acid is characterized as white fuming nitric acid and red fuming nitric acid, depending on the amount of
dinitrogen tetroxide present.
History
The synthesis of Nitric Acid was first recorded circa 800 Common Era by the Muslim alchemy Jabir ibn Hayyan.
Pure anhydrous nitric acid (100%) is a colorless liquid with a density of 1522 kg/m³ which solidifies at -42°C to form white crystals and boils at 83°C. When boiling in light, even at room temperature, there is a partial
decomposition with the formation of nitrogen dioxide following the reaction:
4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 (72°C)
which means that anhydrous nitric acid should be stored below 0°C to avoid decomposition. The
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) remains dissolved in the nitric acid coloring it yellow, or red at higher temperatures. While the pure acid tends to give off white fumes when exposed to air, acid with dissolved nitrogen dioxide gives off reddish-brown vapours, leading to the common name "red fuming acid" or "fuming nitric acid".
Nitric acid is miscible with water in all proportions and distillation gives an azeotrope with a concentration of 68% HNO3 and a boiling temperature of 120.5°C at 1 atm. Two solid hydrates are known; the monohydrate (HNO3·H2O) and the trihydrate (HNO3·3H2O).
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are soluble in nitric acid and this property influences more or less, all the physical characteristics depending on the concentration of the oxides. These mainly include the vapor pressure above the liquid and the boiling temperature, as well as the color mentioned above.
Nitric acid is subject to thermal or light decomposition with increasing concentration and this may give rise to some non-negligible variations in the vapour pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid.
Chemical properties
Nitric acid is a strong acid which ionises almost completely in water, a powerful oxidizing agent which also nitration many organic compounds and a Monoprotic Acid acid because there is only one dissociation.
Acidic properties
Being a typical acid, nitric acid reacts with alkalis,
basic oxides and
carbonates to form salts, including ammonium nitrate. Due to its oxidizing nature, nitric acid does not (with some exceptions) liberate
hydrogen on reaction with
metals and the resulting salts are usually in the higher oxidized state. For this reason, heavy
corrosion can be expected and should be guarded against by the appropriate use of corrosion resistant metals or alloys.
Nitric acid has an
acid dissociation constant (pKa) of −1.4: in water
solution, it almost completely (93% at 0.1 M)
ionizes into the
nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated
proton, known as a hydronium ion, H3O+.
HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-
Oxidizing properties
Reactions with metals
Being a powerful oxidizing agent, nitric acid reacts violently with many organic materials and the reactions may be explosive. Depending on the acid concentration, temperature and the reducing agent involved, the end products can be variable. Reaction then takes place with all metals except the
precious metal series and certain alloys. As a general rule of course, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favouring the formation of
nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
The acidic properties tend to dominate with dilute acid, coupled with the preferential formation of
nitrogen oxide (NO).
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Since nitric acid is an oxidizing agent,
hydrogen (H2) is rarely formed. Only magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) react with
cold,
dilute nitric acid to give hydrogen:
Mg(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Passivation
Although
chromium (Cr),
iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) readily dissolve in dilute nitric acid, the concentrated acid forms a metal oxide layer that protects the metal from further oxidation, which is called passivation.
Reactions with non-metals
Reaction with non-metallic elements, with the exception of silicon and halogens, usually oxidizes them to their highest
Oxidation numbers as acids with the formation of
nitrogen dioxide for concentrated acid and nitrogen oxide for dilute acid.
C + 4HNO3 → CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
or
3C + 4HNO3 → 3CO2 + 4NO + 2H2O
Synthesis and production
Nitric acid is made by mixing nitrogen dioxide (
NitrogenOxygen2) with water in the presence of oxygen or air to oxidize the
nitrous acid also produced by the reaction. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is an azeotrope mixture with 32% water. Further concentration involves distillation with
sulfuric acid which acts as a dehydrating agent. On a laboratory scale, such distillation must be done in all glass apparatus at reduced pressure, to prevent decomposition of the acid. Rubber and cork fittings should also be avoided as nitric acid attacks these materials. Commercial grade nitric acid solutions are usually between 52% and 68% nitric acid. Commercial production of nitric acid is via the
Ostwald process after
Wilhelm Ostwald.
In laboratory, nitric acid can be made from
Copper(II) nitrate or by reacting approximately equal masses of potassium nitrate (KNO3) with 96% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and
distilling this mixture at nitric acid's boiling point of 83 °C until only a white crystalline mass,
potassium hydrogen sulfate (KHSO4), remains in the reaction vessel. The obtained red fuming nitric acid may be converted to the white nitric acid. Note that in a laboratory setting, it is necessary to use all-glass equipment, ideally a one-piece retort, because anhydrous nitric acid attacks cork, rubber, and skin, and leaks can be extremely dangerous.
H2SO4 + KNO3 → KHSO4 + HNO3
The dissolved NOx are readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10-30 min at 200 torr or 27
kilopascal). Obtained white fuming nitric acid has density 1.51 g/cm³. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas.
The acid can also be synthesized by oxidizing ammonia, but the product is concentration by the water also formed as part of the reaction. However, this synthesization method is important in producing
ammonium nitrate from ammonia derived from the Haber process, because the final product can be produced from nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen as the sole feedstocks.
White fuming nitric acid, also called 100% nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to the anhydrous nitric acid product. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved NO2. Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. One formulation of RFNA specifies a minimum of 17% NO2, another specifies 13% NO2. In either event, an
inhibited fuming nitric acid (either IWFNA, or IRFNA) can be made by the addition of 0.6 to 0.7%
hydrofluoric acid, HF. This fluoride is added for corrosion resistance in metal tanks (the fluoride creates a metal fluoride layer that protects the metal).
Uses
Commonly used as a laboratory reagent, nitric acid is used in the manufacture of
explosives including nitroglycerin,
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), as well as
fertilizers such as
ammonium nitrate.
Also, in ICP-MS and ICP-AES techniques, nitric acid (with a concentration from 0.5% to 2.0%) is used as a matrix compound for determining metal traces in solutions. Ultrapure acid is required for such determination, because small amounts of metal ions could affect the result of the analysis.
It has additional uses in
metallurgy and
refining as it reacts with most
metals, and in chemical synthesis. When combined with
hydrochloric acid, it forms aqua regia, one of the few reagents capable of dissolving gold and platinum.
Nitric acid is a component of
acid rain.
Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, and the reactions of nitric acid with compounds such as
cyanides,
carbides, and metallic powders can be explosive. Reactions of nitric acid with many organic compounds, such as
turpentine, are violent and
hypergolic (i.e., self-igniting).
Concentrated nitric acid dyes human skin yellow due to a reaction with the
protein keratin. These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized.
One use for IWFNA is as an oxidation in rocket fuels.
One use for nitric acid is in a colorometric test to distinguish heroin and morphine.
Nitric acid is also used in school laboratory to perform experiments involving the testing of chloride. The sample is added with silver nitrate solution and nitric acid to see if a white precipitate,
silver chloride remains.
A solution of nitric acid and alcohol,
Nital, is used for etching of metals to reveal the microstructure.
References
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0183
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
-
- National Pollutant Inventory - Nitric Acid Fact Sheet
- Properties and classification of nitric acid
Nitric Acid
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